Most of us have a huge collection of digital music that we call our own. Usually, albums and songs have been added irregularly over the year from many, many different sources. You may have digitized your existing record, MC and CD collections, while most of us exchange music with friends and family.
I’m sure you’ll agree that the one annoying thing when enjoying a random mix of your favorite tunes is the change in quality, especially in the volume. Since our music originates from so many different sources, quality is never the same, but variations in the volume are most unpleasant.
While it’s difficult to fix the overall quality, it’s rather easy to normalize MP3 volume levels with the right tool. That’s where MP3Gain comes in.
MP3Gain, does statistical analysis to determine how loud a file sounds to the human ear. Most other normalizers work with peak normalization, normalizing a song’s value based on its loudest passage. Furthermore, you will love to hear that normalizing your MP3s with MP3Gain has no effect on the quality, as no decoding or encoding takes place.
The program was primarily written for Windows. However, there is a Linux GUI and a MacMP3Gain version available.
So how does it work? It’s pretty simple. You add files or folders and set the target volume. The default is 89,0 dB. In other tools, you will find up to 92,0 dB as a default volume for normalization. However, I would always go with the default of the respective tool, unless you know what you’re doing when changing this.
When you have added all files you wish to normalize, click the Analysis button. From there, you can select either Track or Album analysis in the pull-down menu. MP3Gain now analyzes each file to check the current volume and whether the file has clipping issues. The Track Gain indicates the increase or decrease in volume required to match the target volume. You can clear the results by selecting Clear Analysis from the Analysis button pull-down menu.
Once the analysis process is completed, you can click the Gain button to initiate the suggested changes. Note that there is also a drop-down menu for this button from which you can select Track, Album or Constant, depending on what type of adjustments you prefer. The included help file does a very good job of explaining what the differences are.
Should you realize that you’ve made the wrong selection, you can cancel anytime and undo all changes MP3Gain made. Simply add all of the edited files that were previously modified and select >Modify Gain >Undo Gain changes from the menu.
MP3Gain should solve the issue of varying volume levels in any MP3 collection easily!
Are you aware of any better app that can be used to normalize mp3 volume levels? Let us know in comments!
We have previously covered tools to enhance your mp3 collection:
Stefan covered 4 Easy Ways Fix Music Tags & Organize Music Library4 Easy Ways Fix Music Tags & Organize Music Library4 Easy Ways Fix Music Tags & Organize Music LibraryRead More and Mahendra wrote about How To Convert Audio Cassettes & LPs to MP3 in 5 Easy StepsHow To Convert Audio Cassettes & LPs to MP3 in 5 Easy StepsHow To Convert Audio Cassettes & LPs to MP3 in 5 Easy StepsRead More.
What else would you like to know? We appreciate your feedback and requests!
Image credits: fangol
Explore more about: Audio Editor, MP3.
- This actually answered my problem, thanks!
- This is great! I have some songs that pop on and are really loud they make me jump.
- It's also a good way to boost the volume of your tunes if your player is somewhat low-volume. I set mine to 97 dB as the default and don't have to crank up the car or portable player so loud. Most files show 'clipping,' but I've never been able to hear anything at all wrong with them. You can change the gain for a file as many times as you want. Great program. Mp3tag (http://www.mp3tag.de/en/index.html) is another good free program for mp3 (for editing tags).
- Wow. This is quite a useful tool. One thing one needs to remember that once the track gain is applied to the song file(s), it is permanent. So you may want to create a backup copy of your song first just in case things go wrong.
- Chickenwuss,
I thought I had written this more clearly, but apparently I have not. All changes MP3Gain makes are reversible per default because the mp3 files are not re-encoded.
This is different in other tools, for example MP3Gain Pro (formerly known as MP3Doctor), which is NOT affiliated with MP3Gain at all.
- great tool that I use since a few years. It is completly free and works perfectly.
- Now this is a tool I've been looking for for awhile now (my radio show deals with free and legal music; sadly, not every album I play is equal, quality-wise)! Thanks!!!
hfe of a npn bjt transistor is given by collector current / base current so to calculate hfe you need to know the collector current and base current (which can be set using resistors) . I have to ask , what is the point of doing this ? You can simply calculate the emitter current using Kirchhoff current rule . This is obviously pointless since the transistor acts like a resistor between collector and emitter and unless you know the resistance of the resistor you can't find the current .
I see in transistor datasheets a maximum and minimum value of hfe . This leads me to believe that hfe is a constant and I do not undersand the point of a varying constant ; I think for a single transistor only a single value of hfe exists which must be measured using a multimeter and the collector current is dependent of the base current so the collector current can be measured .
And also , if the collector current is entirely dependent on the base current (Ic = Ib*hfe) then what is the point of the adding a resistor to the collector end of the transistor ? Surely there must be some change in current if a greater resistance is added to the collector end . I checked this with a multimeter with base resistance of 10k ohms and collector resistance of 330 ohms and I found no change in current when I connect the multimeter in common emitter topology (I think , I connect the emitter to ground and tested the current flowing through the collector )
I think there is a big hole in my understand or a big misunderstanding in my not understanding . Please help
Thank you
I see in transistor datasheets a maximum and minimum value of hfe . This leads me to believe that hfe is a constant and I do not undersand the point of a varying constant ; I think for a single transistor only a single value of hfe exists which must be measured using a multimeter and the collector current is dependent of the base current so the collector current can be measured .
And also , if the collector current is entirely dependent on the base current (Ic = Ib*hfe) then what is the point of the adding a resistor to the collector end of the transistor ? Surely there must be some change in current if a greater resistance is added to the collector end . I checked this with a multimeter with base resistance of 10k ohms and collector resistance of 330 ohms and I found no change in current when I connect the multimeter in common emitter topology (I think , I connect the emitter to ground and tested the current flowing through the collector )
I think there is a big hole in my understand or a big misunderstanding in my not understanding . Please help
Thank you
VriskVrisk
$endgroup$2 Answers
$begingroup$'.. since the transistor acts like a resistor between collector and emitter .. '
No, not really. The collector of a bipolar transistor acts like a current source (or sink) whose value is determined by the base current and the hFE of the device. However, the external circuit can limit the current to something less than this value, in which case the effective hFE is lower.
'I see in transistor datasheets a maximum and minimum value of hfe.'
Yes. The actual value varies considerably from device to device, even from the same manufacturing batch, and it also varies somewhat with the operating parameters (voltage, temperature, etc.) of the device. You really can't depend on having a particular (or even a constant) value, so you design your circuits so that they work over a range of values.
'.. then what is the point of the adding a resistor to the collector end of the transistor?'
This is part of the circuit design. When you're creating a voltage amplifier, you use the collector current of the transistor to develop the desired voltage across the external resistor. This resistor is called the 'load resistor', and it gives you a definite value of output impedance — the transistor by itself has a very high effective output impedance.
Example:
collector emitter voltage is 9 v ,Hfe = 100 , base emitter voltage is 9 , a resistor at the collector has resistance of 330 ohms and one at the base has resistance 10k ohms, tell me the current at the collector with steps.
OK, assuming you mean that 9V is applied to the base through a 10K resistor, 9V is applied to the collector through a 330Ω resistor, and that the emitter is grounded, the steps are as follows:
- The base current is $I_B = frac{V_{BB} - V_{BE}}{R_B} = frac{9.00 V - 0.65 V}{10k Omega} = 0.835 mA$
- Assuming the transistor is not saturated, the collector current $I_C = h_{FE} cdot I_B = 100 cdot 0.835 mA = 83.5 mA$
- The voltage across the collecor resistor should be $I_C cdot R_C = 83.5 mA cdot 330 Omega = 27.5 V$
- Since that value is higher than our supply voltage, the assumption made in the second step must be false — the transistor is saturated. Therefore, the collector current is determined entirely by the collector resistor and the collector supply voltage: $I_C = frac{V_{CC} - V_{CE(SAT)}}{R_C} = frac{9.00 V - 0.3 V}{330 Omega} = 26.4 mA$
129k1010 gold badges163163 silver badges277277 bronze badges
$endgroup$$begingroup$This leads me to believe that hfe is a constant and I do not understand the point of a varying constant ; I think for a single transistor only a single value of hfe exists
Hfe varies between individual transistors because they cannot all be made identical. Often the manufacturer will make a batch of transistors and then sort them according to gain, giving each group a different suffix or even a completely different code. A single transistor's Hfe will be 'constant' somewhere in the specified range, but also only under certain conditions. It reduces at very low or high current and when collector voltage is low, and may vary quite strongly with temperature.
0 Free AXTMANAL Fonts. 6 Relevant Web pages about AXTMANAL Fonts. AXtManal Free TrueType Font Download - ufonts.com. Download AXtManal Font - Download free fonts from µfonts. Enter the code to download AXtManal. Please verify that you are an organic, carbon-based life form, not an automated computer program! Hasan Manal Rectangle Family. Download AXtManal Font. Free Font Download: AXtManal TrueType Font Download Free AXtManal Font (69 KB) AXtManal Font Custom Preview Tool. Enter some text in the box below, then click the preview button. (Cookies must be enabled in your browser.) Share AXtManal Free Font. Short URL: Permalink URL.
To get a true picture you should examine the curve traces for Hfe vs Ic and Ic vs Vce. In the example below you can see that Hfe is never truly constant, but for a BC107 is relatively flat in the 1-10mA range. The groups 'A', 'B', and 'C' are for the 3 different gain suffixes. Any individual transistor will have a similar curve, closer to its group than the others.
Minecraft ps3 edition castle seed. In the right-hand graph you can see that collector current is almost independent of voltage, except at very low voltage when the transistor is saturated.
Bruce AbbottBruce Abbott26.4k11 gold badge2020 silver badges3636 bronze badges
$endgroup$Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged transistorscurrentamplifier or ask your own question.
$begingroup$hfe of a npn bjt transistor is given by collector current / base current so to calculate hfe you need to know the collector current and base current (which can be set using resistors) . I have to ask , what is the point of doing this ? You can simply calculate the emitter current using Kirchhoff current rule . This is obviously pointless since the transistor acts like a resistor between collector and emitter and unless you know the resistance of the resistor you can't find the current .
I see in transistor datasheets a maximum and minimum value of hfe . This leads me to believe that hfe is a constant and I do not undersand the point of a varying constant ; I think for a single transistor only a single value of hfe exists which must be measured using a multimeter and the collector current is dependent of the base current so the collector current can be measured .
And also , if the collector current is entirely dependent on the base current (Ic = Ib*hfe) then what is the point of the adding a resistor to the collector end of the transistor ? Surely there must be some change in current if a greater resistance is added to the collector end . I checked this with a multimeter with base resistance of 10k ohms and collector resistance of 330 ohms and I found no change in current when I connect the multimeter in common emitter topology (I think , I connect the emitter to ground and tested the current flowing through the collector )
I think there is a big hole in my understand or a big misunderstanding in my not understanding . Please help
Thank you
I see in transistor datasheets a maximum and minimum value of hfe . This leads me to believe that hfe is a constant and I do not undersand the point of a varying constant ; I think for a single transistor only a single value of hfe exists which must be measured using a multimeter and the collector current is dependent of the base current so the collector current can be measured .
And also , if the collector current is entirely dependent on the base current (Ic = Ib*hfe) then what is the point of the adding a resistor to the collector end of the transistor ? Surely there must be some change in current if a greater resistance is added to the collector end . I checked this with a multimeter with base resistance of 10k ohms and collector resistance of 330 ohms and I found no change in current when I connect the multimeter in common emitter topology (I think , I connect the emitter to ground and tested the current flowing through the collector )
I think there is a big hole in my understand or a big misunderstanding in my not understanding . Please help
Thank you
VriskVrisk
$endgroup$2 Answers
$begingroup$'.. since the transistor acts like a resistor between collector and emitter .. '
No, not really. The collector of a bipolar transistor acts like a current source (or sink) whose value is determined by the base current and the hFE of the device. However, the external circuit can limit the current to something less than this value, in which case the effective hFE is lower.
'I see in transistor datasheets a maximum and minimum value of hfe.'
Yes. The actual value varies considerably from device to device, even from the same manufacturing batch, and it also varies somewhat with the operating parameters (voltage, temperature, etc.) of the device. You really can't depend on having a particular (or even a constant) value, so you design your circuits so that they work over a range of values.
'.. then what is the point of the adding a resistor to the collector end of the transistor?'
This is part of the circuit design. When you're creating a voltage amplifier, you use the collector current of the transistor to develop the desired voltage across the external resistor. This resistor is called the 'load resistor', and it gives you a definite value of output impedance — the transistor by itself has a very high effective output impedance.
Walking with Dinosaurs New Blood. A female Postosuchus was seen spooking a herd of Placerias and attacking a member of the herd. The Postosuchus pursued the severely injured individual until it succumbed to its wounds. The Postosuchus then fed on the corpse. Later, when the herd of Placerias were bathing in a river, the Postosuchus passed. Jun 05, 2019 Placerias lived in the late Triassic period of Arizona about 220 million years ago. His name means “broad body”. He ate plants. He was not a dino, but a dicynodont which lived before the dinos. Walking with dinosaurs usa tour. By comparison, Placerias was a limited herbivore) A herd of Placerias. Walking With Dinosaurs. Placerias featured in the first episode of Walking with Dinosaurs - New Blood. The herd was ambushed by a Postosuchus, which successfully killed one, however it sustained a wound in the process. When it tried to attack again, it was spotted and the. More than 40 individuals of Placerias were found in one place southeast of the Petrified Forest National Park in St. John, Arizona. Requested by ninjakingofhearts Walking with Dinosaurs is owned by BBC.
Example:
collector emitter voltage is 9 v ,Hfe = 100 , base emitter voltage is 9 , a resistor at the collector has resistance of 330 ohms and one at the base has resistance 10k ohms, tell me the current at the collector with steps.
OK, assuming you mean that 9V is applied to the base through a 10K resistor, 9V is applied to the collector through a 330Ω resistor, and that the emitter is grounded, the steps are as follows:
- The base current is $I_B = frac{V_{BB} - V_{BE}}{R_B} = frac{9.00 V - 0.65 V}{10k Omega} = 0.835 mA$
- Assuming the transistor is not saturated, the collector current $I_C = h_{FE} cdot I_B = 100 cdot 0.835 mA = 83.5 mA$
- The voltage across the collecor resistor should be $I_C cdot R_C = 83.5 mA cdot 330 Omega = 27.5 V$
- Since that value is higher than our supply voltage, the assumption made in the second step must be false — the transistor is saturated. Therefore, the collector current is determined entirely by the collector resistor and the collector supply voltage: $I_C = frac{V_{CC} - V_{CE(SAT)}}{R_C} = frac{9.00 V - 0.3 V}{330 Omega} = 26.4 mA$
129k1010 gold badges163163 silver badges277277 bronze badges
$endgroup$$begingroup$This leads me to believe that hfe is a constant and I do not understand the point of a varying constant ; I think for a single transistor only a single value of hfe exists
Hfe varies between individual transistors because they cannot all be made identical. Often the manufacturer will make a batch of transistors and then sort them according to gain, giving each group a different suffix or even a completely different code. A single transistor's Hfe will be 'constant' somewhere in the specified range, but also only under certain conditions. It reduces at very low or high current and when collector voltage is low, and may vary quite strongly with temperature.
To get a true picture you should examine the curve traces for Hfe vs Ic and Ic vs Vce. In the example below you can see that Hfe is never truly constant, but for a BC107 is relatively flat in the 1-10mA range. The groups 'A', 'B', and 'C' are for the 3 different gain suffixes. Any individual transistor will have a similar curve, closer to its group than the others.
Track Gain Vs Constant Gain Loss
In the right-hand graph you can see that collector current is almost independent of voltage, except at very low voltage when the transistor is saturated.
Bruce AbbottBruce AbbottTrack Gain Vs Constant Gain Calculator
26.4k11 gold badge2020 silver badges3636 bronze badges